نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناسی ارشد رشته مهندسی و مدیریت منابع آب، دانشکده عمران، دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود، شاهرود، ایران

2 استادیار گروه مهندسی آب و محیط زیست، دانشکده مهندسی عمران، دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود، شاهرود، ایران

10.22103/nrswe.2022.19637.1006

چکیده

آب نقش مهمی در تغییر سیاست‌ها و اقتصاد قرن 21 دارد. پیش‌بینی می‌شود یکی از علل تنش‌ها و تضادهای غرب آسیا مربوط به بحران کمبود آب باشد؛ اما تنها کمبود آب باعث این تنش‌ها نمی‌شوند؛ بلکه سیاست‌گذاری‌ها و حکمرانی‌های غلط نیز موجب این درگیری‌ها می‌شود. استفاده عادلانه از منابع مشترک آبی از اولویت‌های کشورهای ذی‌مدخل است که با نگرش عادلانه باعث کاهش درگیری‌ها و افزایش ایجاد همکاری و مشارکت آن‌ها می‌شود. در این تحقیق به بررسی قوانین بین‌المللی، ساختار مذاکرات، گفتمان‌ها و انواع دیپلماسی برای رفع تنش‌ها پیرامون مسائل آبی پرداخته شده است. همچنین مروری بر چالش‌هایی که موجب افزایش بحران آب می‌شوند، شده است. نتایج این بررسی‌ها حاکی از آن است که با وجود قوانین موجود در خصوص منابع آبی مشترک، همچنان نبود یک تعریف مورد توافق جامع در خصوص «حقوق بین‌المللی آب»، یکی از عوامل عدم موفقیت مذاکرات و معاهدات آبی است. همچنین وجود برخی ابهامات در مواد قوانین بین‌المللی آب از دیگر اشکالات در حل مناقشات آبی می‌باشد. در این راستا، دستورالعمل پیاده‌سازی دیپلماسی آبی نوآورانه در هر منطقه را شاید بتوان راه‌حلی مناسب برای مدیریت پایدار منابع آبی مشترک انتخاب کرد. به این ترتیب که بحران آبی حاضر از طریق ساختارهای مدیریتی مناسب در بهره‌برداری مشترک از منابع موجود و اعمال برنامه‌ریزی‌های کلان مبتنی بر تعاملات بین‌المللی و با استفاده از تمامی ظرفیت‌ها قابل مدیریت خواهد بود. این مدیریت مستلزم ایجاد پایگاه دانش یکپارچه و شناخت دقیق منابع است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Innovative Water Diplomacy, A Solution for Sustainable Management of Transboundary Resources

نویسندگان [English]

  • Amir Khoshsima 1
  • Emad Mahjoobi 2

1 MSc in Water Resources and Management, Faculty of Civl Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civl Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

چکیده [English]

Water plays an important role in changing the policies and economy of the 21st century. One of the causes of tensions and conflicts in West Asia is expected to be related to the water shortage crisis; But water shortages alone do not cause these tensions; because the wrong policies and governance also cause these conflicts. Fair use of common water resources is one of the priorities of stakeholders, which with a fair attitude will reduce conflicts and increase their cooperation and participation. This paper examines international law, the structure of negotiations, discourses, and types of diplomacy to resolve tensions over water issues. It also provides an overview of the challenges posed by the water crisis. The results of these studies indicate that despite the existing laws on transboundary water resources, the lack of a universally agreed definition of "international water law" is still one of the reasons for the failure of negotiations and water treaties. Also, some ambiguities in the article of international water laws are other problems in resolving water disputes. In this regard, the guidelines for implementing innovative water diplomacy in each region may be a good solution for the sustainable management of transboundary water resources. In this way, the current water crisis can be managed through appropriate management structures in the joint use of available resources and the implementation of macro-planning based on international interactions and using all capacities. This management requires the creation of an integrated database and accurate knowledge of resources.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Water Diplomacy
  • Water Laws
  • Water Policies
  • Water Security
  1.  منابع

    1. Adger W. N., Benjaminsen T. A., Brown K., and Svarstad H. 2001. Advancing a political ecology of global environmental discourses. Development and change, 32(4): 681-715.
    2. Ansink E., and Marchiori C. 2010. Reallocating water: An application of sequential sharing rules to Cyprus. Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei Working Papers, 390.
    3. Araghchi A. Water diplomacy, from conflict to cooperation. World politic. 3(4): 91-119 (In Persian).
    4. Chekol Y. G. 2020. Nile Hydro politics: Riparian States‟ position on Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project. Journal of Somali Studies, 7(2), 49.
    5. Dabelko D. and Aaron T. 2004. Water, conflict, and cooperation. Environmental Change and Security Project Report. 10: 60-66.
    6. Dehshiri M. R., and Hekmatara H. 2019. Iran’s hydro-diplomacy towards its neighbours. Quarterly Journal of the Macro and Strategic Policies. 6(4): 596-617.
    7. Fischhendler I. 2013. The securitization of water discourse: Theoretical foundations, research gaps and objectives of the special issue. International Environmental Agreements, 1553-1573.
    8. Ganoulis J. and Fried J. 2018. Instruments and tools for shared hydro-governance. In Transboundary Hydro-Governance. 133-165.
    9. Ghavam A. 2010. Principles of foreign policy and international policy. Samt, Tabriz (In Persian).
    10. Isaksen K. and Stokke K. 2014. Changing climate discourse and politics in India, Climate change as challenge and opportunity for diplomacy and development. Geoforum. 57: 110-119.
    11. Katz D. and Fischhendler I. 2011. Spatial and temporal dynamics of linkage strategies in Arab–Israeli water negotiations. Political Geography. 30: 13–24.
    12. Kehl J. R. 2011. Hydropolitical complexes and asymmetrical power: Conflict, cooperation, and governance of international river systems. Journal of World-Systems Research, 17(1): 218-235.
    13. Khoshsima A. and Mahjoobi E. 2019. Identifying effective issues in transboundary water resources management from a hydropolitical perspective (Case study: Harirod catchment). 8th Iranian Water Resources Management Conference, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad.
    14. Khoshsima A., and Mahjoobi E. 2021. Identification of transboundary water resources management issues from hydropolitical perspective (Case Study: Harirud River). Advanced Technologies in Water Efficiency, 1(1): 48-69 (In Persian).
    15. Hefny M. A. 2011. Water diplomacy: A tool for enhancing water peace and sustainability in the Arab region. Technical Document Presented in Preparation for the Second Arab Water Forum Theme 3: Sustainable and Fair Solutions for the Trans-Boundary Rivers and Groundwater Aquifers. Cairo.
    16. Maleki B. 2005. Helmand River and its challenges ahead. Political and Economic Ettela’at, 209-210.
    17. Mianabadi H. 2012. Water, Security and Border Rivers. National Conference on Border Cities and Security, Challenges and Approaches. Zahedan. Iran (In Persian).
    18. Mianabadi H. 2013. A review of international water laws. Seventh National Congress of Civil Engineering. Zahedan. Iran (In Persian).
    19. H. 2017. Challenges of participatory governance of transboundary rivers and common international water resources. First Conference on Governance and Public Policy. Tehran. Iran (In Persian).
    20. Papoli Yazdi M. and Vosoughi F. 2011. Look at Iran's Hydrogeopolitical Water Diplomacy. Papoli, Mashhad. (In Persian).
    21. Phillips M. and Jørgensen M. W. 2002. Discourse analysis as theory and method. Sage Publications, London.
    22. Rai S. P., Wolf A. T., Sharma N. and Tiwari H. 2017. Hydropolitics in transboundary water conflict and cooperation. River System Analysis and Management. 353-368.
    23. Yildiz D. 2017. Towards re-securitization of water in the new middle east. World Water Diplomacy and Science News.
    24. Yildiz D. 2018. The real challenges to Access to water, are not hydro technical, but hydro political. World Water Diplomacy and Science News.
    25. Zeitoun M. and Warner J. 2006. Hydro-hegemony–a framework for analysis of transboundary water conflicts. Water Policy. (8): 435-460.